Int J Med Sci 2021; 18(13):2971-2980. doi:10.7150/ijms.60013 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression

Jie Sun1, Mindy Gil2, Shahrzad Khorashadi2, George Chen2, Cliff Lee2, Yoshiki Ishida2, Masazumi Nagai2, Shinichiro Wada2, Shigemi Ishikawa-Nagai2✉, John D Da Silva1

1. Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterial Sciences, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA.
2. Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, USA.

Citation:
Sun J, Gil M, Khorashadi S, Chen G, Lee C, Ishida Y, Nagai M, Wada S, Ishikawa-Nagai S, Da Silva JD. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18(13):2971-2980. doi:10.7150/ijms.60013. https://www.medsci.org/v18p2971.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

NIR fluorescence imaging using bisphosphonate-Indocyanine green has been indicated for early interproximal caries detection. This study assessed diagnostic accuracy of caries detection by NIR fluorescence imaging with OsteoSense 750® (OS750) in vitro and ex vivo, and to analyze the therapeutic efficacy of a bisphosphonate (Etidronate) in inhibiting enamel caries progression in vitro.

Methods: Four experiments were conducted using extracted human teeth; 1) to calculate the infiltration rate of OS750 into interproximal white spot lesions using fluorescence microscope, 2) to assess diagnostic accuracy of interproximal natural white spot lesions using desktop NIR fluorescence imaging device in vitro setting, 3) to assess diagnostic accuracy of artificially created deeper enamel carious lesion (0.5 mm~1.0 mm) using NIR fluorescence image through the head-mount display in ex vivo setting, 4) to compare the progression on the enamel caries lesions treated by Etidronate, NaF and distilled-water. Diagnostic accuracy was analyzed using sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating curves (ROC). The caries progression was calculated with micro-CT and was statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and the Tukey HDS post-hoc test.

Results: 1) The infiltration rate of OS750 was 101.83% ± 8.66 (Min: 90.10%, Max: 133.94%). 2) The average of sensitivity and specificity in vitro setting experiments were 86.7% ± 4.4% and 70% ± 11%, respectively. The average of area under the ROC curves (AUC) was 0.883 ± 0.059 indicating excellent performance. 3) The mean sensitivity and specificity in ex vivo setting was 82.97% ± 15% and 76.78% ± 13.27% respectively. 4) The carious lesion volume treated by Etidronate was significantly smaller at post treatment-1 (p<0.05) and treatment-2 (p<0.01) than the control. There was no significant difference in lesion volume in the Etidronate and NaF group at the time point of post treatment-1.

Conclusion: This study suggests that bisphosphonates contribute to both early diagnosis of enamel caries and inhibition of caries progression.

Keywords: caries detection, NIR fluorescence imaging, bisphosphonates, caries inhibition


Citation styles

APA
Sun, J., Gil, M., Khorashadi, S., Chen, G., Lee, C., Ishida, Y., Nagai, M., Wada, S., Ishikawa-Nagai, S., Da Silva, J.D. (2021). Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(13), 2971-2980. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.60013.

ACS
Sun, J.; Gil, M.; Khorashadi, S.; Chen, G.; Lee, C.; Ishida, Y.; Nagai, M.; Wada, S.; Ishikawa-Nagai, S.; Da Silva, J.D. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2021, 18 (13), 2971-2980. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.60013.

NLM
Sun J, Gil M, Khorashadi S, Chen G, Lee C, Ishida Y, Nagai M, Wada S, Ishikawa-Nagai S, Da Silva JD. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18(13):2971-2980. doi:10.7150/ijms.60013. https://www.medsci.org/v18p2971.htm

CSE
Sun J, Gil M, Khorashadi S, Chen G, Lee C, Ishida Y, Nagai M, Wada S, Ishikawa-Nagai S, Da Silva JD. 2021. Efficacy of bisphosphonates in detection of early enamel caries using NIR fluorescence imaging and inhibition of caries progression. Int J Med Sci. 18(13):2971-2980.

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