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Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(8):1518-1528. doi:10.7150/ijms.97306 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study

Tzu-Yu Chiang1*, Che-Sheng Pai2*, Jiun-Hung Geng3,4, Pei-Yu Wu5,6,7, Jiun-Chi Huang5,6,7, Szu-Chia Chen5,6,7,8✉, Jer-Ming Chang6,7✉

1. Department of post baccalaureate medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
2. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
3. Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 812, Taiwan.
4. Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
5. Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 812, Taiwan.
6. Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
7. Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
8. Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
*Both are equal contributors.

✉ Corresponding authors: Szu-Chia Chen, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, 482, Shan-Ming Rd., Hsiao-Kang Dist., 812 Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. TEL.: 886-7-8036783 ext. 3440; FAX: 886-7 More

Citation:
Chiang TY, Pai CS, Geng JH, Wu PY, Huang JC, Chen SC, Chang JM. Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(8):1518-1528. doi:10.7150/ijms.97306. https://www.medsci.org/v21p1518.htm
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Abstract

Graphic abstract

Close associations among secondhand smoke (SHS) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components have been demonstrated, however sex differences in these associations remain unclear. We collected 121,364 participants from the Taiwan Biobank, and excluded those with smoking history, the remaining 88,297 participants (male: 18,595; female: 69,702; mean age 50.1 ± 11.0 years) were included. SHS exposure was evaluated based on self-reported questionnaires. SHS was associated with MetS (odds ratio [OR], 1.268, p < 0.001 for males vs. 1.180, p < 0.001 for females), abdominal obesity (OR, 1.234, p < 0.001 for males vs. 1.199, p < 0.001 for females), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 1.183, p = 0.008 for males vs. 1.094, p = 0.011 for females), hyperglycemia (OR, 1.286, p < 0.001 for males vs. 1.234, p < 0.001 for females), but not with hypertriglyceridemia. SHS was associated with high blood pressure (BP) (OR, 1.278, p < 0.001) only in males, but not in females. Furthermore, significant interactions were found between sex x SHS on MetS (p = 0.023), abdominal obesity (p = 0.032), and elevated BP (p < 0.001). Moreover, the participants who were exposed to SHS for ≥1 hour per week were associated with a higher risk (OR = 1.316, p = 0.001 in males vs. OR = 1.220, p < 0.001 in females) of MetS compared to those with no exposure. These results showed an association between SHS and a high OR for MetS in both the males and females. Furthermore, sex differences were identified in the associations between SHS and MetS and its components, and SHS was more closely related to MetS, abdominal obesity, and high BP in males than in females.

Keywords: sex difference, secondhand smoke, metabolic syndrome, Taiwan Biobank

Citation styles

APA
Chiang, T.Y., Pai, C.S., Geng, J.H., Wu, P.Y., Huang, J.C., Chen, S.C., Chang, J.M. (2024). Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 21(8), 1518-1528. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.97306.

ACS
Chiang, T.Y.; Pai, C.S.; Geng, J.H.; Wu, P.Y.; Huang, J.C.; Chen, S.C.; Chang, J.M. Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2024, 21 (8), 1518-1528. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.97306.

NLM
Chiang TY, Pai CS, Geng JH, Wu PY, Huang JC, Chen SC, Chang JM. Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. Int J Med Sci 2024; 21(8):1518-1528. doi:10.7150/ijms.97306. https://www.medsci.org/v21p1518.htm

CSE
Chiang TY, Pai CS, Geng JH, Wu PY, Huang JC, Chen SC, Chang JM. 2024. Sex difference in the associations among secondhand smoke with metabolic syndrome in non-smokers in a large Taiwanese population follow-up study. Int J Med Sci. 21(8):1518-1528.

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